Protocol - Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances - Specific - Alcohol
- Alcohol - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency
- Alcohol - Lifetime Use Disorder
- Cigarette Nicotine Dependence
- Patterns of Substance Use - Adolescents
- Patterns of Substance Use - Adults - Binge-Drinking
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adolescents
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Alcohol - Lifetime
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Alcohol - Past 12 Months
- Screening and Severity of Substance Use Problems - Adults - Drugs
- Substances - 30-Day Frequency
- Substances - Lifetime Abuse and Dependence
- Tobacco - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency - Adolescent
- Tobacco - 30-Day Quantity and Frequency - Adult
Description
The Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) consists of 20 questions about the respondents reasons for drinking alcohol, falling into one of four categories for social, coping, enhancement, and conformity motives. The respondent is asked to respond to each question via a five-item scale ranging from 1 for "almost never/never" to 5 for "almost always/always."
Specific Instructions
The Working Group recommends that investigators incorporate two Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) subscales (coping and enhancement) as core items to obtain general information on a variety of substances. The full version of the DMQ-R in this follow-up protocol can be used to obtain detailed information on alcohol. Note that the coping and enhancement subscales are repeated from the core DMQ-R items. The coping, enhancement, and social subscales could be used with adolescent or adult populations, but the conformity subscale is only recommended for adolescents because endorsement of peer pressure items declines with age (Cooper 1994).
These questions are only asked if a respondent had affirmatively answered one of the alcohol category questions in the "Alcohol - Lifetime Use" measure.
The Substance Abuse and Addiction Working Group acknowledges that the following questions may gather sensitive information relating to the use of substances and/or illegal conduct. If the information is released, it might be damaging to an individuals employability, lead to social stigmatization, or lead to other consequences.
Most researchers assure confidentiality as part of their informed consent process, as required by their institutional review boards. Further assurance of confidentiality may be obtained by applying to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for a Certificate of Confidentiality, which helps researchers protect the privacy of human research participants. The procedures for the Certificate of Confidentiality can be found at the Grants Policy website of NIH: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/coc/index.htm.
Availability
Protocol
Here is a list of reasons people give for drinking alcohol. Thinking of all the times you drink, how often would you say that you drink for each of the following reasons?
There are no right or wrong answers to these questions.
If you no longer use alcohol, please answer for when you used to drink.
1. To forget your worries
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
2. Because your friends pressure you to drink
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
3. Because it helps you enjoy a party
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
4. Because it helps you when you feel depressed or nervous
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
5. To be sociable
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
6. To cheer up when you are in a bad mood
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
7. Because you like the feeling
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
8. So that others wont kid you about not drinking
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
9. Because its exciting
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
10. To get high
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
11. Because it makes social gatherings more fun
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
12. To fit in with a group you like
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
13. Because it gives you a pleasant feeling
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
14. Because it improves parties and celebrations
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
15. Because you feel more self-confident or sure of yourself
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
16. To celebrate a special occasion with friends
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
17. To forget about your problems
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
18. Because its fun
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
19. To be liked
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
20. So you wont feel left out
1 [ ] almost never/never
2 [ ] some of the time
3 [ ] half of the time
4 [ ] most of the time
5 [ ] almost always/always
Scoring Procedure and Interpretation
| DMQ-R subscale | Scoring procedure |
| Social Motives | Mean of items 3, 5, 11, 14, and 16 |
| Coping Motives | Mean of items 1, 4, 6, 15, and 17 |
| Enhancement Motives | Mean of items 7, 9, 10, 13, and 18 |
| Conformity Motives | Mean of items 2, 8, 12, 19, and 20 |
| Total Score | Sum of means for the four subscales |
The scoring scheme reflects factors identified in the original publication. Factor structure may differ in individual studies.
Personnel and Training Required
The interviewer must be trained and found to be competent to conduct personal interviews with individuals from the general population. The interviewer should be trained to prompt respondents further if a "dont know" response is provided.Equipment Needs
NoneRequirements
| Requirement Category | Required |
|---|---|
| Major equipment | No |
| Specialized training | No |
| Specialized requirements for biospecimen collection | No |
| Average time of greater than 15 minutes in an unaffected individual | No |
Mode of Administration
Self-administered or interviewer-administered questionnaire
Lifestage
Adolescent, Adult, Senior
Participants
Adolescents and adults aged 13 years and older
Selection Rationale
The Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R) is a well-validated and widely used instrument in both clinical and research settings. The instrument was used initially as an interview in a study of adolescents (Cooper 1994), but it has since been validated in adult populations.
Language
English
Standards
| Standard | Name | ID | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human Phenotype Ontology | Addictive behavior | HP:0030858 | HPO |
| caDSR Form | PhenX PX520502 - Motives Alcohol Tobacco And Other Subsspecificalcoh | 6226772 | caDSR Form |
Derived Variables
None
Process and Review
Not applicable.
Protocol Name from Source
Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R)
Source
Cooper, M. L. (1994). Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model. Psychological Assessment, 6(2), 117–128.
General References
Comeau, N., Stewart, S. H., & Loba, P. (2001). The relations of trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and sensation seeking to adolescents motivations for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 26(6), 803-825.
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123–132.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2005). Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 841–861.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2006). Replication and validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised (DMQ-R, Cooper, 1994) among adolescents in Switzerland. European Addiction Research, 12, 161-168.
Kuntsche, E., Steward, S. H., & Cooper, M. L. (2008). How stable is the motive-alcohol use link? A cross-national validation of the Drinking Motive Questionnaire Revised among adolescents from Switzerland, Canada, and the United States. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(3), 388-396.
Stewart, S. H., Zeitlin, S. B., & Samoluk, S. B. (1996). Examination of a three-dimensional drinking motives questionnaire in a young adult university student sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(1), 61-71.
Protocol ID
520502
Variables
Export Variables| Variable Name | Variable ID | Variable Description | dbGaP Mapping | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PX520502_Drink_Because_Its_Exciting | ||||
| PX520502090000 | Because it's exciting | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Because_Its_Fun | ||||
| PX520502180000 | Because it's fun | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Because_Like_The_Feeling | ||||
| PX520502070000 | Because you like the feeling | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Celebrate_Special_Occasion | ||||
| PX520502160000 | To celebrate a special occasion with friends | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Gives_Pleasant_Feeling | ||||
| PX520502130000 | Because it gives you a pleasant feeling | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Helps_Enjoy_Party | ||||
| PX520502030000 | Because it helps you enjoy a party | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Helps_When_Depressed | ||||
| PX520502040000 | Because it helps you when you feel depressed more | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Improves_Parties | ||||
| PX520502140000 | Because it improves parties and celebrations | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Makes_Gatherings_More_Fun | ||||
| PX520502110000 | Because it makes social gatherings more fun | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_More_Selfconfident | ||||
| PX520502150000 | Because you feel more self-confident or sure more | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_So_Others_Wont_Kid | ||||
| PX520502080000 | So that others won't kid you about not drinking | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Be_Liked | ||||
| PX520502190000 | To be liked | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Be_Sociable | ||||
| PX520502050000 | To be sociable | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Cheer_Up | ||||
| PX520502060000 | To cheer up when you are in a bad mood | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Fit_In | ||||
| PX520502120000 | To fit in with a group you like | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Forget | ||||
| PX520502170000 | To forget about your problems | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Forget_Your_Worries | ||||
| PX520502010000 | To forget your worries | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_To_Get_High | ||||
| PX520502100000 | To get high | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Drink_Wont_Feel_Left_Out | ||||
| PX520502200000 | So you won't feel left out | N/A | ||
| PX520502_Friends_Pressure_You_To_Drink | ||||
| PX520502020000 | Because your friends pressure you to drink | N/A | ||
Measure Name
Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances
Release Date
February 24, 2012
Definition
Instruments used separately to assess the motives (reasons) for drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or using drugs.
Purpose
The purpose of this measure is to assess motives (reasons) for drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, or using drugs, by asking the respondent questions about his/her thoughts and motivations for such actions.The Working Group recommends that investigators incorporate two DMQ-R subscales (coping and enhancement) as core items to obtain general information on a variety of substances. The follow-up protocols (including the full version of the DMQ-R) can then be used to obtain detailed information on a single substance.
Keywords
addiction, alcohol, Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives, Brief WISDM, cigarette, Conformity, coping, Craving, desire, DMQ-R, Drinking Motives Questionnaire Revised, Drugs, Enhancement, Illicit Drugs, marijuana, Marijuana Motives Measure, MMM, nicotine, SAA, social, substance abuse, tobacco, urge, Substance-specific Intermediate Phenotypes
Measure Protocols
| Protocol ID | Protocol Name |
|---|---|
| 520501 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - General |
| 520502 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Substances - Specific - Alcohol |
| 520504 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - Specific - Tobacco |
| 520506 | Motives - Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Substances - Specific - Drugs |
Publications
There are no publications listed for this protocol.